While investors are musing about the final form the US tax changes and the Brexit
negotiations, cyber-currency interest has been bolstered by Venezuela’s
announcement over the weekend. President Maduro said that Venezuela would issue a digital currency. It could
be the first sovereign to do so, which would seem to undermine the
decentralized nature of crypto-currencies.
negotiations, cyber-currency interest has been bolstered by Venezuela’s
announcement over the weekend. President Maduro said that Venezuela would issue a digital currency. It could
be the first sovereign to do so, which would seem to undermine the
decentralized nature of crypto-currencies.
Maduro did not provide
details, except to endorse the blockchain methodology and indicate that the new
currency (“petro”) would be backed by the country’s oil, gas, gold, and diamond reserves. The digital nature of it may
be noteworthy, and being backed by a basket of commodities is what some
economists have advocated, as providing an
intrinsic value and anchor to what is now a universe of fiat
currencies.
details, except to endorse the blockchain methodology and indicate that the new
currency (“petro”) would be backed by the country’s oil, gas, gold, and diamond reserves. The digital nature of it may
be noteworthy, and being backed by a basket of commodities is what some
economists have advocated, as providing an
intrinsic value and anchor to what is now a universe of fiat
currencies.
The declared purpose of
Maduro in proposing a cyber currency is to circumvent the embargo imposed by
the US and the EU. Obama
first imposed sanctions on Venezuela in 2015, and
the Trump Administration ratcheted them up and took another step a month ago to
widen the embargo. Last month, the EU imposed its own sanctions. It agreed on a range of actions, including banning arms sales, imposing travel
restrictions on some Venezuelan officials and set up a system for freezing
assets. This aggravates the
economic challenges the government already faced.
Maduro in proposing a cyber currency is to circumvent the embargo imposed by
the US and the EU. Obama
first imposed sanctions on Venezuela in 2015, and
the Trump Administration ratcheted them up and took another step a month ago to
widen the embargo. Last month, the EU imposed its own sanctions. It agreed on a range of actions, including banning arms sales, imposing travel
restrictions on some Venezuelan officials and set up a system for freezing
assets. This aggravates the
economic challenges the government already faced.
While the bolivar is officially pegged to the dollar, its
unofficial price is more important. It began this year around 3000 per dollar, and now reports
suggest that there may be more 100,000 per dollar. The implications for
inflation, growth, servicing foreign debt, and social cohesion are
obvious.
unofficial price is more important. It began this year around 3000 per dollar, and now reports
suggest that there may be more 100,000 per dollar. The implications for
inflation, growth, servicing foreign debt, and social cohesion are
obvious.
Yet we are skeptical that a cyber-currency
will resolve any of Venezuela’s serious problems, even if it were to be launched. Reports suggest that a full third of
Venezuelan’s have internet access. Recently, it appears that some
Venezuelans may have moved out of the bolivar, but rather than buy dollars,
they bought existing cyber-currencies. Rather than arrest the
capital flight fleeing the increasingly
isolated country that is experiencing hyperinflation
despite the rise of its oil, of which it has the most reserves in Latin
America, the cyber-currency may facilitate it. The Venezuelan demand for cyber currencies was also to
circumvent the country’s capital controls.
will resolve any of Venezuela’s serious problems, even if it were to be launched. Reports suggest that a full third of
Venezuelan’s have internet access. Recently, it appears that some
Venezuelans may have moved out of the bolivar, but rather than buy dollars,
they bought existing cyber-currencies. Rather than arrest the
capital flight fleeing the increasingly
isolated country that is experiencing hyperinflation
despite the rise of its oil, of which it has the most reserves in Latin
America, the cyber-currency may facilitate it. The Venezuelan demand for cyber currencies was also to
circumvent the country’s capital controls.
If one thinks that
Venezuela’s problems stem economic and political mismanagement, the
introduction of a cyber currency is not the solution. Even if the technical details can
be worked out to launch the “petro”
in a meaningful time frame, it is unlikely to draw much interest.
Venezuela assets are not in strong demand from global investors.
Not only do the sanctions keep many institutional investors away, but the
economic and political morass does not appeal to investors.
Venezuela’s problems stem economic and political mismanagement, the
introduction of a cyber currency is not the solution. Even if the technical details can
be worked out to launch the “petro”
in a meaningful time frame, it is unlikely to draw much interest.
Venezuela assets are not in strong demand from global investors.
Not only do the sanctions keep many institutional investors away, but the
economic and political morass does not appeal to investors.
Consider the signal from the
bond market.
Taking credit risk but not currency risk, which is to say Venezuela’s dollar bonds, offer
incredibly high yields. The indicative yield of a two-year dollar obligation
is over 155%, and the indicative yield on the 10-year dollar bond is over
50%.
bond market.
Taking credit risk but not currency risk, which is to say Venezuela’s dollar bonds, offer
incredibly high yields. The indicative yield of a two-year dollar obligation
is over 155%, and the indicative yield on the 10-year dollar bond is over
50%.
Even for the cryptocurrency
zealot, a sovereign cyber-currency that requires confidence in Venezuela may be
too much to spark interest, even if it materializes. Moreover, we suspect that the
introduction of the “petro”
could further exacerbate Venezuela’s economic and financial problems. See
Gresham’s Law, which essentially states that “bad money chases out the
good.” At the risk of
simplifying, what happens is that if there are two monies of legal tender, the
good one will be hoarded, allowing the weaker one to circulate.
zealot, a sovereign cyber-currency that requires confidence in Venezuela may be
too much to spark interest, even if it materializes. Moreover, we suspect that the
introduction of the “petro”
could further exacerbate Venezuela’s economic and financial problems. See
Gresham’s Law, which essentially states that “bad money chases out the
good.” At the risk of
simplifying, what happens is that if there are two monies of legal tender, the
good one will be hoarded, allowing the weaker one to circulate.
There have been other
developments in the digital currency space. First, although the UK’s exit from the EU is very
much part of the macro story today, over the weekend, UK officials indicated that they would join the EU in efforts to
regulate the platforms that trade cyber currencies to prevent untoward
activity, such a money laundering, terrorism financing or tax avoidance.
developments in the digital currency space. First, although the UK’s exit from the EU is very
much part of the macro story today, over the weekend, UK officials indicated that they would join the EU in efforts to
regulate the platforms that trade cyber currencies to prevent untoward
activity, such a money laundering, terrorism financing or tax avoidance.
One of the elements is
anonymity, which is one of the selling points for some participants. The kind of regulation, similar that
banks have to adopt (e.g., to know the
customer and the purpose of the transactions) will require that the platforms
(exchanges) which trade cyber-currencies perform the same due diligence.
Some platforms, but not all, already seem to be moving or have moved in
this direction. The new regime is expected some time in the first part of
next year. British officials did say that it does not now nor does it
have plans to accept cyber-currencies to meet tax obligations.
anonymity, which is one of the selling points for some participants. The kind of regulation, similar that
banks have to adopt (e.g., to know the
customer and the purpose of the transactions) will require that the platforms
(exchanges) which trade cyber-currencies perform the same due diligence.
Some platforms, but not all, already seem to be moving or have moved in
this direction. The new regime is expected some time in the first part of
next year. British officials did say that it does not now nor does it
have plans to accept cyber-currencies to meet tax obligations.
Second, the Chicago
Mercantile Exchange (CME) and the Chicago Board of Options Exchange (CBOE) will
be launching futures contracts on the Bitcoin over the next two weeks. Specifically, the CBOE contract is
planned to launch its contract next Monday and the CME, a week later.
There is one key similarity between the two contracts: They are settled in cash. The actual Bitcoins
will not be delivered.
Mercantile Exchange (CME) and the Chicago Board of Options Exchange (CBOE) will
be launching futures contracts on the Bitcoin over the next two weeks. Specifically, the CBOE contract is
planned to launch its contract next Monday and the CME, a week later.
There is one key similarity between the two contracts: They are settled in cash. The actual Bitcoins
will not be delivered.
To settle, the contracts need a reference rate. The CBOE contract uses
the daily auction price by Gemini, which is run by the Winklevoss brothers. The contract will trade about six hours
a day, and the position limit (which is common in commodity futures) will be set at a net (long and shorts) of 5000
contracts. The CME contract will be settled at a reference price created by an
index of prices provided by four platforms. There will be a 1000
contract position limit.
the daily auction price by Gemini, which is run by the Winklevoss brothers. The contract will trade about six hours
a day, and the position limit (which is common in commodity futures) will be set at a net (long and shorts) of 5000
contracts. The CME contract will be settled at a reference price created by an
index of prices provided by four platforms. There will be a 1000
contract position limit.
Recall that margins in US equities are set by the Federal Reserve. It requires that one borrows no more
than 50% of equity purchase. This type of margin is a down payment on
one’s purchase. Margins in the futures market and over-the-counter are set very differently. They are set as a function of volatility. Volatility
is a risk. This margin is best understood as a down payment on one’s
future loss. Given the volatility of Bitcoins, one should be prepared for a high initial
marginal. On top of the initial margin, individual firms (futures
brokers) will likely require a higher maintenance margin.
than 50% of equity purchase. This type of margin is a down payment on
one’s purchase. Margins in the futures market and over-the-counter are set very differently. They are set as a function of volatility. Volatility
is a risk. This margin is best understood as a down payment on one’s
future loss. Given the volatility of Bitcoins, one should be prepared for a high initial
marginal. On top of the initial margin, individual firms (futures
brokers) will likely require a higher maintenance margin.
The decentralized nature of
the cyber currency market means that neither prices from Gemini nor an index
derived from prices at four exchanges may reflect actual dealing prices that
are available elsewhere. This may
complicate efforts by market makers to arbitrage or otherwise manage
risk. Such futures contracts may also not be as helpful as some had hoped
in the price discovery process. Nevertheless, the futures contracts are seen as a part of the maturing of this
market.
the cyber currency market means that neither prices from Gemini nor an index
derived from prices at four exchanges may reflect actual dealing prices that
are available elsewhere. This may
complicate efforts by market makers to arbitrage or otherwise manage
risk. Such futures contracts may also not be as helpful as some had hoped
in the price discovery process. Nevertheless, the futures contracts are seen as a part of the maturing of this
market.