Americans have a saying about an 800-pound gorilla in a room. It
refers to a person or organization so powerful that it can act
unilaterally. The British have an expression about an elephant in a
room. It refers to a “fact” or problem that is not being addressed.
Regardless of the idiom one prefers, both can apply
to China and its excess capacity in a wide range of industries.
Making room for China in the global economy was always going to be difficult,
but it is taking place. China is the host of the G20 this year, and in a
few months, the yuan will formally join
the SDR, even though its role in the world economy is considerably smaller than
the other components by nearly every relevant metric.
The most intractable issue is not China
fostering the development of parallel institutions, like the AIIB, or a credit
rating company (in cooperation with the other BRICs). It
is not that China insists on closely managing its currency. Rather,
the larger and more profound challenge is the vast industrial capacity that
China has built. It aggravates the excess capacity that may already
exist in some industries in the US, Europe,
and Japan. It may be another source of deflationary pressure on good
prices. It affects the
international terms of trade (manufactured goods prices relative to raw material prices).
It appears that there are a limited number of
ways to address excess capacity. First, mind new markets for the
products that outstrip domestic demand (exports). Second, close
inefficient (high cost) producers (bankruptcies). Third, encourage
industry consolidation (horizontal merger and acquisitions.
Each of these approaches is problematic for
the Chinese steel industry. It exports have begun triggering a
protective response by those export markets. Those countries that have
the wherewithal to challenge China, like Europe and the US, have seen a decline
in imports from China over the past several months. Other
countries, especially in Asia, like Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines, and India
have seen an increase in steel imports from China.
Closing plants cost
jobs. Local governments and the central government lose tax revenues.
The steel mills are often a symbol of local pride. The interests of the
central government and local officials may conflict.
China’s largest steel producers are
state-owned. It can force industrial consolidation relatively easier
compared to the challenge of facilitating
the industrial rationalization when the major agents are privately
owned. This is precisely the
path that China is pursuing. It is facilitating industry consolidation by
having the top four to form two combines. Shanghai Baosteel and Wuhan
Iron and Steel Group will form a Southern China Steel Group. A Northern
China Steel Group will be formed from the
combination of Shougang Group and Hebei Iron and Steel Group.
Despite a
previous round of consolidation, China’s steel industry remains fragmented,
which presents all sorts of coordination challenges. In 2013, the top
10 Chinese producers had a market share of less than 40%. In 2010, their
share stood at 49%. Over the next decade, the government goal reportedly
is to boost their share to 60%.
China’s steel exports increased in H1 2016 by
9% or almost five mln metric tons (to 457
mln metric tons). Exports rose 11.5% in 2014 and about 14% last year.
Domestic demand rose 1% to almost 680 mln metric tons. The
surprising news this week is that China’s steel industry reportedly turned a
profit in H1despite the adverse conditions. The members of the China Iron
and Steel Association who’s members account
for 80% of the country’s steel production, reported a CNY12.6 bln (~$1.9 bln)
profit in the first half of the year. It is about four times larger than
the profit in H1 15.
There seem to be two main forces behind the
jump in profitability of China’s steel industry. The government has
used a carrot and stick to cajole
companies into limiting output. There were restrictions on steel
companies that prevented the ramping up of output. Environmental
standards were sometimes used.
There are some reports suggesting that financing was threatened. In addition to government efforts, the
other force that appeared to help profitability was the liquidation of inventories.
On an accounting basis, de-stocking frees up cash and flatters profits.
Chinese Premier Li was quoted in the local
press acknowledging that less than a third of the coal and steel reduction
targets have been achieved. Reports
suggest that the pace of mine shutdowns is running ahead of government target,
which may have helped support iron ore and coking coal prices.
The US Commerce Department estimates that the
US steel trade deficit widened by nearly 350% between 2009 and 2015.
The US is the largest steel importer in the world, and its imports have
rebounded to pre-2008 levels while exports are flat. Chinese figures
indicate its steel exports rose nearly 380% in the same period, while its
imports fell 40%.
China’s excess capacity in a large number of
industries is a major strategic challenge. The steel industry is a
great case study. China’s capacity is incredibly large, and foreign
producers in North America, Europe and some parts of Asia (like Japan and Korea)
are well organized and experienced. A significant devaluation of
the yuan would raise the prospects that China will try to export its
surplus. This would not only
represent a challenge to foreign producers, fueling protectionism, like India’s
MIP (minimum import price regime), but it could be a new source of deflationary pressures.